Crowdfunding To Generate Crowdsourced R&D: The Alternative Paradigm Of Societal Problem Solving Offered By Second Generation Innovation And R&D

In a global context of resource scarcity few incentives exist for firms to pursue innovations that provide social externalities if these are not inherently profitable. The purpose of this article is to present an alternative paradigm of societal problem solving entirely premised on ‘second generation innovation’ processes. Further, a theoretical model of multidimensional, or three dimensional, knowledge creation is offered, together with the notion of a ‘multiplier effect’ that relates to how knowledge creation can increase exponentially when knowledge is not constrained by proprietary requirements. Second generation innovation is based on probabilistic processes that utilize and maximize economies of scale in pursuit of problem solving. Two processes that contribute to the potential of second generation innovation to solve societal problems are crowdfunding and crowdsourcing. It is argued that the processes required to enable a new paradigm in societal problem solving already exist. A further model is developed based on potential synergies between crowdfunding and crowdsourced research and development. This theoretical model predicts that R&D productivity can be accelerated significantly, and if applied in fields such as proteomics or medical research in general can accelerated increases in research output and therefore benefits to society

Military Sea Transportation Service

It is a pleasure, as always, to be back again with an audi­ence which already has an appreciation of the importance of sea­power and logistics to our national defense. With the hope of contributing in some slight degree to your better understanding of these subjects, I am restricting my remarks primarily to one element that involves both of them; viz., the element of military sea transportation

Solving Ebola, HIV, Antibiotic Resistance And Other Challenges: The New Paradigm Of Probabilistic Innovation

The global innovation pipeline that provides new drugs to counter threats like Ebola or totally drug resistant tuberculosis and bacteria has slowed; fewer drugs are being produced and higher levels of investment are yielding lower outputs. This paper argues that the innovation process that underlies proprietary, or profit-seeking, innovation faces an S-curve effect, which is reflected in diminishing returns to investment. A new S-curve is identified, in the form of second generation innovation (SGI) and second generation research and development (SGR). What SGI and SGR have in common is their use of probabilistic mechanisms of knowledge creation. Probabilistic mechanisms refer to the exposure of problem solving processes to very large numbers of problem solvers. An example of this is crowdsourced R&D and crowdsourced innovation contests. The overarching argument made in this paper is that many of the medical and social problems faced today can be solved by a more extensive use of processes associated with this new paradigm in innovation.Chris William Callagha

Regulatory Explosion: Observations on Understanding Utah Administrative Rules

Los servicios de banco de sangre siempre son una de las preocupaciones latentes en salud, sobretodo en nuestra realidad donde las personas no se convencen o no entienden de la verdadera importancia de tener bancos de sangre bien implementados y con la sangre suficiente para garantizar la vida. Las infecciones transmisibles por transfusión (agentes virales, bacterianos y parasitarios) constituyen una complicación de gran importancia en relación con la morbilidad y mortalidad de los receptores de sangre. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo determinar los factores de exclusión y reposición en postulantes a donantes del Servicio de Banco de Sangre del Hospital Alta Complejidad “Virgen de la Puerta”. Siendo un estudio de tipo descriptivo, retrospectivo, observacional, de corte transversal, de diseño no experimental. Se contó con una población de 2162 donantes, como instrumento se tuvo el formato de recolección de datos. Los resultados obtenidos determinan que los de donantes por reposición fueron los más excluidos con 82.23%, los factores de exclusión en los postulantes a donadores más frecuentes, tenemos el 29,75% fueron excluidos por presentar hematocrito bajo, el 27,07% presentó venas no aptas para flebotomías, el 9.3% presentó tatuajes, el 8.88% fue excluido por conducta sexual riesgosa, el 7,44% por sobrepeso entre otros de menor porcentajes en cuanto a los factores de exclusión según los tipos de donantes se mantuvieron casi los mismos porcentajes

Analysis of Polybenzimidazole Feasibility in a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Utilizing Temperature and Methanol Concentrations

This report focuses on confirming the feasibility and on establishing the optimal operating conditions for a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell operated at high temperatures using a polybenzimidazole-based membrane electrode assembly. An MEA was subjected to various operating temperature and methanol concentrations. Tests were also conducted using an internal reforming layer contacting the anode. Results showed the performance of the cell increases with temperature up to 220 Celsius past which the MEA was damaged, showing reduced performance. The tests on the effects of concentration showed that at higher temperatures there is only a small dependence on methanol concentration and that at it is possible to operate close to the stoichiometric feed of methanol and water

A Human-Machine Framework for the Classification of Phonocardiograms

In this thesis, we present and evaluate a framework for combining machine learning algo- rithms, crowd workers, and experts in the classification of heart sound recordings. The development of a hybrid human-machine framework for heart sound recordings is moti- vated by the past success in utilizing human computation to solve problems in medicine as well as the use of human-machine frameworks in other domains. We describe the methods that decide when and how to escalate the analysis of heart sound recordings to different resources and incorporate their decision into a final classification. We present and discuss the results of the framework which was tested with a number of different machine classi- fiers and a group of crowd workers from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. We also provide an evaluation of how crowd workers perform in various different heart sound analysis tasks, and how they compare with machine classifiers. In addition, we investigate how machine and human analysis are effected by different types of heart sounds and provide a strategy for involving experts when these methods are uncertain. We conclude that the use of a hybrid framework is a viable method for heart sound classification

Essays on industrialisation and deindustrialisation

Abstract: The primary objective of this thesis is to test what determines industrial development and the extent to which industrialisation drives important country-level economic outcomes such as growth, globalisation, and poverty reduction. Global evidence indicates an inverted-U shaped relationship between countries’ level of income per capita and the share of manufacturing in GDP. There is, however, substantial heterogeneity associated with individual country experiences. Given this heterogeneity, it is unclear as to how the determinants of manufacturing’s share of gross domestic product differ across country groups at different levels of development, and if there are regional differences in these determinants. To test these relationships, Chapter 2 investigates differences in determinants of manufacturing for a world sample of 100 countries for the period 1970-2014. The study applies country fixed effects panel regression analysis to sixteen sub-groups of countries differentiated by stage of development, regions and endowments. The results reveal important differences in the determinants of manufacturing’s share, particularly for countries at different stages of development. Findings also contest the assumption that a common path of manufacturing-led development might be available to countries at all levels of development...D.Phil. (Economics